Endocrine Abstracts

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The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has increasingly become recognised as a problem for patients living in temperate regions. There has been considerable controversy regarding the optimal level of vitamin D nutrition and the means by which vitamin D should be replaced. The National Osteoporosis Society with the support of several other national groups including the Society for Endocrinology prepared guidelines on the diagnosis and management of vitamin D deficiency whi...

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is defined by at least one extra X chromosome in the male karyotope. The phenotype is highly-variable, but a degree of progressive testicular dysfunction is universal. 47XXY is the most common sex chromosome aneuploidy in humans and, together with much rarer forms (e.g. 48XXY and 48XYY) occurs in 0.1–0.2% live male births. However the prevalence of diagnosed KS among adult males in the UK and elsewhere is much lower, indicating only around 25% of...

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Thyroid eye disease (TED), or Graves’ orbitopathy, is a common manifestation of autoimmune thyroid disease, affecting up to 30% of patients. Prompt identification of the development of TED is often difficult as the underlying inflammation of the orbital tissues and can lead to a wide range of symptoms and signs.These include extraocular muscle fibrosis leading to diplopia, orbital congestion leading to optic nerve compression and lid retraction lead...

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Promotion of angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessel from preexisting blood vessels, is the focus of intense research and therapeutic efforts. In contrast, inhibition of endothelial cell growth and survival is a strategy to target many proliferative diseases. Various studies have shown that angiogenic growth factors are produced and secreted by normal endocrine cells and are increased in pathological states, including inflammation and hyperplasia. Importantly, angiogen...