Endocrine Abstracts

Pituitary tumour apoplexy is a condition that occurs as a result of acute haemorrhage and/or infarction within a pituitary tumour (most commonly non-functioning pituitary adenoma), which may or may not be previously known. The clinical presentation occurs within a few hours or days and is due to sudden expansion of the pituitary gland. Manifestations cover a wide range including very intense and frequently retro-orbital...

Acromegaly is a condition associated with many co-morbidities and increased mortality. Over the last decades, advances in the management of this condition have led to improvement of the prognosis of the patients. Nonetheless, achievement of biochemical targets by various treatment modalities does not always translate to reversal of acromegaly-related morbidities. These include alterations in cardiovascular function, sleep apnoea syndromes, negative impact on b...

Dopamine agonists (DA) are the first line treatment for patients with symptomatic prolactinoma and aims to lower prolactin, reduce adenoma size and restore gonadal function. This treatment is effective in the majority of patients and DA resistance s reported in around 10% of patients on cabergoline and 20–30% of those on bromocriptine. Established consensus on the optimal duration of DA therapy is lacking. Given the potential adverse effects of DAs in the...

Hypophysitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the pituitary gland. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood and new variants have been recently described. It can be primary (isolated inflammation of the gland, not related with medications, systemic inflammatory disorders, infections, or other diseases), or secondary (associated with systemic inflammatory processes (as sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Crohn’s disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, Cogan’s synd...

Pituitary disease covers a wide spectrum of conditions associated with considerable physical, psychological and cognitive manifestations, a number of which persist even after successful treatment of the pituitary gland disorder.Quality of life (QoL) is defined as ‘the functional effect of an illness and its consequent therapy upon a patient, as perceived by the patient’’. In the last years, the area of QoL in patients with pituitary diseas...

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs) are benign pituitary neoplasms arising from the adenohypophyseal cells. They are not associated with clinical evidence of hormonal hypersecretion and have a prevalence of 22 cases/100 000 people. They are diagnosed more commonly in males (2/3 of the NFA cases) and based on a recent UK community-based cross-sectional study, the median age at their diagnosis is 52 years (males 51 and females 43). At presentation, the majority is macroade...

Craniopharyngiomas are rare, sellar/parasellar tumours diagnosed during childhood or adult life.Despite their benign histological appearance, they are associated with substantial morbidity (endocrine, visual, hypothalamic, as well as neurobehavioural and cognitive) compromising psychosocial integration, quality of life and survival. These complications are the result of the damage by the primary (they tend to be large lesions, most of which with signific...

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are benign tumours not associated with clinical manifestations of hormonal hypersecretion. Based on population studies, their prevalence ranges between 7 and 41 per 100,000 people with the number of incidentally detected NFPAs increasing over the last decades. They cause clinical manifestations when they are large enough to exert pressure effects to surrounding structures. The initial management of non-apoplectic NFPAs depends mainly ...

Psychiatric manifestations are amongst the most distressing complications in Cushing’s syndrome (CS) and are associated with the severity of the cortisol excess. Depression and anxiety disorders are the most common, whereas mania and psychotic disorders are less frequently reported. Although depression and anxiety disorders improve after successful treatment of the CS, longitudinal studies have shown that they do not fully resolve. Further psychiatric symptoms described i...

Introduction: Ipilimumab (Yervoy, BMS) is a human monoclonal antibody increasingly used in oncology. It targets cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) promoting their proliferation and augmenting an anti-tumour response. It is licensed for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma and multiple clinical trials using this medication for other malignancies are ongoing. Ipilimumab related adverse reactions are mainly autoimmune and occur in 61% of patients, of which...